In real-world extraction of signal from data
we are not given the needed signal prediction-error filter (PEF).
Claerbout has taken S, the PEF of the signal,
to be that of the data, . Spitz takes it to be . Where noises are highly predictable in time or space,
Spitz gets significantly better results.
Theoretically, a reason is that the essential character
of a PEF is contained where it is small.